Renewably buoyant, self-protective floating habitat

ABSTRACT

A floating habitat designed to be renewably buoyant, self-sustaining and optionally specialized for waterfowl nesting. The first embodiment comprises one or more flotation units, a source of compressed air, and a means for connecting the source of compressed air to the flotation units. Each flotation unit comprises an individual supply hose, an inflatable bladder, a relief valve, a diffusing manifold, bottom mesh, top mesh, and buoyant growth medium. An alternative embodiment comprises a self-compensating buoyancy system. In the waterfowl nesting embodiment, the floating habitat includes one or more waterfowl nesting structures and construction material selected to optimize the nesting habitat. The floating habitat can be comprised of scrap pieces or layers of polyester mesh material. The floating habitats can be combined to provide safe habitat for juvenile waterfowl, encourage colony nesting, or allow a variety of waterfowl or shore bird species to enjoy suitable habitat on the same floating habitat.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/595,735 filed on May 8, 2006. The latter application claims priorityback to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/609,187 filed on Sep. 10, 2004and U.S. Patent Application No. 60/529,060 filed on Dec. 12, 2003. Thecontents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference intothe present disclosure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a floating habitat that has a dynamicability to generate its own buoyancy, through the use of external poweror by replicating the biotic activity that occurs on wild floatingislands. The present invention encompasses a number of differentembodiments directed toward providing waterfowl nesting habitat.

2. Description of the Related Art

Naturally occurring floating islands are a relatively unique phenomenon,but they do exist in several places in the world, including Australia,Bangladesh, Fiji, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland,Turkey, Uganda and the United States. There has been much speculationand some research into how these floating islands form, and the answerappears to be specific to each location. Regardless of how they areformed, once present, floating islands provide a unique habitat forplants and some animal species, and they also play an important role inmaintaining the health of the water body in which they are situated.

One of the objects of the present invention is to provide an artificialfloating habitat that is similar to a naturally occurring floatingisland in terms of its aesthetic and functional value. It is a furtherobject of the present invention to solve the problem of maintaining thebuoyancy of an artificial floating island over time. Researchers havestudied how naturally occurring floating islands maintain their buoyancyand have concluded that gas-producing microorganisms play a pivotalrole. See Clark, 2000, infra; Hogg and Wein, 1988, infra. The presentinvention utilizes this research by incorporating microorganisms intothe floating habitat structure as an option.

A naturally occurring floating island serves several purposes, not theleast of which is the aesthetic value it adds to a body of water. Italso serves as a habitat for various plant and animal species, and ithelps purify the water by decreasing algae growth and slowing thenatural process of eutrophication. In bodies of water such as ponds andlakes, algae growth and the natural process of eutrophication can leadto an increase in land mass and corresponding decrease in water volume,the killing of fish and other organisms, and the diminishment ofaesthetic appearance.

Various floating mechanisms have been devised with the aim of mimickingsome or all of the qualities of a naturally occurring floating island.Some examples of commercialized products along these lines are theartificial islands manufactured by Bestmann-Green of Germany, a “raftedfloating ecology” produced by Ocean Arks International in Vermont, and aso-called “eco-island” made by MMG Civil Engineering Systems in theUnited Kingdom. Bestmann-Green has three floating island products—alaminar floating element of “girder” construction with a mat for rootingvegetation, a flexible vegetation unit made up of three triangularelements lying next to each other that are flexibly connected to form asingle unit, and a modular system of metal frames with a net stretchedwithin it and a planting mat connected to it. Ocean Arks describes itsproduct as “assemblies of engineered ecologies on floating rafts.” Theprimary function of their product is to purify wastewater, removepollutants and digest sludge. The MMG eco-island is a framework ofUV-protected PVC tubing with a rot-proof base. Buoyancy is created bywatertight tubes that are sealed with specialty caps.

In addition to the products described above, there are a number ofpatents directed toward floating islands or other floating mechanismsdesigned to purify water, cultivate plants, dispense fertilizer, orcounteract the effect of eutrophication. None of these inventions,however, anticipates the combination of features provided by the presentinvention.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,799,440 (Ishikawa et al., 1998) discloses a floatingisland comprising: (i) a planter with holes in it to allow the roots ofthe plants to grow into the water and to supply water to the soil in theplanter; and (ii) an oxygen-generating agent container attached to thebottom of the planter. The planter is made of a foamed resin with areinforcing film of polyurethane elastomer on the surface. The inventionalso includes: (i) a layer of porous material on the inner surface ofthe bottom of the planter that has an aerobic microorganism immobilizedin it; and (ii) a plant cultivation bag to hold the soil. In thepreferred embodiment, the oxygen-generating agent is calcium peroxide,and the soil in the planter is covered with a net or fabric that ispermeable to water and air and is not harmful to the plants. In additionto generating oxygen, calcium peroxide also eliminates phosphorus,thereby restricting algae growth.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,161 (Burton, 1978) sets forth an ecological systemand method for counteracting the effects of eutrophication in bodies ofwater such as marshlands, inland ponds and lakes. The system usesclusters of bark fibers positioned in the upper, relatively oxygen-richzones of such bodies of water. These bark clusters attract and holdexcessive nutrient deposition in the form of colloidal wastes andaquatic algae and also provide a safe habitat for algae predators andfeeders.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,755 (Tepper, 2000) provides a floating hydroponicbiofiltration device for use in a body of water containing plant-eatingfish. The invention includes a float, a mesh and a matting. The floatcontains an aperture devoid of soil in which a terrestrial plant isinserted. The mesh is at a substantial depth below the float and servesto enable passage of oxygenated water to the plant roots while excludinglarge plant-eating fish. The mesh also serves as a substrate surface forthe growth of nitrogen-converting bacteria, which convert the ammonia offish waste to nitrates useful to plants. The matting anchors the plantroots and partially excludes plant-eating fish from a portion of theplant roots. In the preferred embodiment, the mesh and matting areformed of plastic.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,474 (Smith et al., 1998) and 5,528,856 (Smith etal., 1996) set forth a biomass impoundment management system that usessunlight to purify water. The main purpose of this invention is tocontrol impurities in water impoundments, such as ammonia, nitrogen,phosphorous and heavy metals. It is well known that nitrogen andphosphorous are primary food sources for various undesirable algaespecies, and ammonia and heavy metals are toxic to humans, fish andother organisms. This invention aims to purify water by allowing rootedbottom dwelling plants to grow and remain healthy on the bottom of awater impoundment while allowing rootless floating plants to grow andremain healthy above them. The non-rooted, floating plants are containedin a large surface area provided by elongated channels, which areoriented in a North-South direction to take full advantage of the sun.The elongated channels are designed to take advantage of wave activityto increase productivity.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,516 (Hondulas, 1994) sets forth an apparatus fortreating waste water that includes a waste water basin and a number ofwetland plants in floating containers. The idea underlying thisinvention is that the root systems of the wetland plants will treat thewaste water. The extent of growth of the root systems is controlled byan adjustable platform associated with each floating container, so thatthe aerobic and anaerobic zones within the waste water basin arecontrolled and can be adjusted or varied as required. Similarly, U.S.Pat. No. 5,106,504 (Murray, 1992) covers an artificial water impoundmentsystem designed to remove biologically fixable pollutants from urban orindustrial waste water using aquatic plants to absorb pollutants.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,988 (Hogen, 1985) relates to a floating containmentbarrier grid structure for the containment of floating aquatic plants ina body of water. This invention is designed to facilitate the commercialcultivation and harvesting of aquatic plants. The grid structureconsists of elongated flexible sheets that are interconnected at spacedintervals along their longitudinal axes to form a plurality of barriersections in a web-like arrangement. Through the use of an anchoringmeans, the barrier grid is tensioned so that certain portions of thestructure are submerged beneath the surface of the water by a devicethat harvests the floating aquatic plants.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,037,360 (Farnsworth, 1977) and 3,927,491 (Farnsworth,1975) disclose a raft apparatus for growing plants by means of waterculture or hydroponics. The raft floats on a nutrient solution, andbuoyancy of the rafts is increased during plant growth by placing asmall raft on a larger raft or on auxiliary buoyancy means. U.S. Pat.No. 5,261,185 (Kolde et al., 1973) also involves an apparatus floatingon a nutrient solution. In this invention, rafts are floated in a waterculture tank filled with nutrient solution, plant containers areinserted in vertically oriented channels in the raft, and the plants arecultivated by gradually moving the raft from one end of the waterculture tank to another.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,588 (Lewis, III et al., 1984) addresses asubmersible raft for the cultivation of plant life such as endangeredsea grasses. The raft is manufactured from standard polyvinyl chloridetubing and fittings.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,838 (Asher, 2000) discloses a simple floatable unitfor decorative vegetation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,108 (Scheuer, 1998)describes a floating planter box comprising a polyhedral planar basemember of a synthetic foam resin less dense than water and an optionalanchoring means.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,601 (Patrick, 1994) and 5,143,020 (Patrick, 1992)involve a simple apparatus for dispensing fertilizer in a pond. Theinvention consists of a flotation structure surrounded by a porousmaterial such as a net sack and an opening in the flotation structurethrough which fertilizer is dumped. The fertilizer is dissolved by waterflowing through the net sack at the bottom of the flotation structure.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves a floating habitat that is designed to berenewably buoyant and self-sustaining. The floating habitat comprisesbuoyant growth medium and optionally includes one or more inflatablebladders. The growth medium can be made of natural or synthetic materialand can include plant growth enhancers. The inflatable bladders can betransparent or opaque and rigid or flexible. Gas-producingmicroorganisms can be added to the growth medium to provide additionalbuoyancy.

In the first embodiment, the floating habitat comprises one or moreflotation units, a source of compressed air, and a means for connectingthe source of compressed air to the flotation unit(s). Each flotationunit comprises an individual supply hose, an inflatable bladder, arelief valve, a diffusing manifold, bottom mesh, top mesh, and buoyantgrowth medium. The bottom and top mesh can be made of separate pieces ofmaterial or the same piece of material, and they can also be designed ormodified to be resistant or unattractive to chewing animals. In thepreferred embodiment, the mesh is sufficiently pliable, or the holes inthe mesh are sufficiently large, to allow stems and roots to growthrough it, and the mesh is also sufficiently rigid, or the holes in themesh are small enough, to contain the buoyant growth medium. In analternate embodiment, the diffusing manifold is positioned beneath theflotation unit by means of an extension tube. In yet another embodiment,the top and bottom mesh are replaced with top and bottom cover that isimpermeable to water.

In another embodiment, the floating habitat is equipped with aself-compensating buoyancy system, which can take one of several forms.One possible embodiment of the self-compensating buoyancy system is afloat valve system, in which buoyancy is regulated by a float valve witha ball float and a sealing face. When buoyancy needs to be increased,the ball float presses against the sealing face of the float valve,preventing air in the inflatable bladder from escaping into theatmosphere. When buoyancy needs to be decreased, the ball float is notin contact with the sealing face of the float valve, and air is allowedto escape from the inflatable bladder. At equilibrium, the ball float islightly in contact with the sealing face of the float valve. Otherembodiments of the self-compensating buoyancy system include asubmersible, differential pressure gauge system, a conductivity switch,and an exhaust nozzle.

The floating habitat described above can also be specialized forwaterfowl nesting. In this embodiment, the floating habitat includes oneor more waterfowl nesting structures and, optionally, a predator controldevice. Live vegetation is selected based on the nesting preferences ofa particular species of waterfowl, and the construction material andscreen size of the top and bottom mesh are selected to optimize thenesting habitat. The present invention also includes a method ofcombining any number of the floating habitats described herein toprovide safe habitat for juvenile waterfowl, to encourage colonynesting, or to allow for a variety of waterfowl or shore bird species toenjoy suitable habitat on the same floating habitat system. In analternative embodiment, one or more waterfowl nesting structures arecombined with an impermeable closed bag.

The present invention also includes a number of different embodiments ofa waterfowl nesting structure that is made our of scrap pieces ofpolyester mesh material, expandable foam, and optionally, scrap piecesof closed cell foam. The sides of the habitat can be comprised ofsmooth, rigid plastic sheeting to prevent swimming animals from boardingthe habitat. Camouflage material can be added to provide protection fora nesting area and/or nesting cavity. Jute or a similar natural-lookingmaterial can be added to the top of the structure to improve itsappearance. The bottom of the habitat can be either penetrable ornon-penetrable by plant roots, as desired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a section view taken at I-I of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a partial section view of a first embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a partial section view of a second embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 is a section view of an alternative embodiment of the flotationunit of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the compressed airsource.

FIG. 7 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the compressed airsource.

FIG. 8 is a top view of an alternative embodiment of the compressed airsource of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a section view taken at II-II of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a partial illustration of the self-compensating system of thepresent invention.

FIG. 11 is a partial illustration of the self-compensating system of thepresent invention.

FIG. 12 is a partial illustration of the self-compensating system of thepresent invention.

FIG. 13 is a top view of an embodiment of the present invention that isspecialized for waterfowl nesting.

FIG. 14 is a section view taken at section III-III of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is a top view of a habitat equipped with features for deterringmammalian predators.

FIG. 16 is a section view of FIG. 15, with optional additional deterrentcomponents for avian predators.

FIG. 17 is a partial section view of an alternate embodiment of thepresent invention that incorporates duckling jump location features.

FIG. 18 shows another embodiment of a floating habitat that has beenoptimized for use as a predator-resistant habitat for nesting waterfowl.

FIG. 19 is a schematic drawing of a floating habitat that utilizes scrapcomponents and has predator-resistant sides and a camouflaged top.

FIG. 20 is a schematic drawing of a floating habitat that utilizes scrapcomponents and has a natural appearance and a camouflaged top.

FIG. 21 is a schematic drawing of a mold used to fabricate a moldedhabitat made from scrap materials.

FIG. 22 is a schematic drawing of the first step of constructing amolded habitat made from scrap materials.

FIG. 23 is a schematic drawing of the second step of constructing amolded habitat made from scrap materials.

FIG. 24 is a schematic drawing of the third step of constructing amolded habitat from scrap materials.

FIG. 25 is a section view of a floating habitat that is comprised ofnonwoven polyester mesh sheets, expanding foam sealant, and one or morenesting cavities.

REFERENCE NUMBERS

-   -   1 Compressed air source    -   2 Flotation units    -   3 Main supply hose    -   4 Distribution valve    -   5 Individual supply hoses    -   6 Inflatable bladder    -   7 Relief valve    -   8 Diffusing manifold    -   9 Bottom mesh/bottom cover    -   10 Top mesh/top cover    -   11 Buoyant growth medium    -   12 Air bubbles    -   13 Portion of air bubbles adhering to internal surfaces within        flotation unit 2    -   14 Extension tube    -   15 Aquatic plants/live vegetation    -   16 Wind-powered compressor    -   17 Photoelectric-powered compressor    -   18 Photoelectric cell    -   19 Battery    -   20 Electric air pump    -   21 Controller    -   22 Wave-powered air pump    -   23 Waves    -   24 Elastic air chamber    -   25 Outlet tube    -   26 Outlet check valve    -   27 Inlet tube    -   28 Inlet check valve    -   29 Exhaust tube    -   30 Float valve    -   31 Ball float    -   32 Scaling face    -   33 Nesting unit    -   34 Solar-powered electric shocking system    -   35 Attraction/shocking pipe    -   36 Differential shocking electrode    -   37 Sharp spikes    -   38 Photoelectric cell    -   39 Storage battery    -   40 High-voltage converter and shock control unit    -   41 Bird perch    -   42 Bird-shocking electrodes    -   43 Upwardly sloping edge    -   44 Duckling jump location    -   45 Bottom of predator-resistant floating habitat    -   46 Sides of predator-resistant floating habitat    -   47 Top of predator-resistant floating habitat    -   48 Artificial plants    -   49 Lip on top of predator-resistant floating habitat    -   50 Internal filling material of predator-resistant floating        habitat    -   51 Scrap pieces of polyester mesh    -   52 Scrap pieces of closed cell foam    -   53 Expandable foam    -   54 Predator-resistant sides of habitat    -   55 Nesting area    -   56 Brushy camouflage material    -   57 Bottom covering of habitat    -   58 Nesting cavity    -   59 Outer covering of habitat    -   60 Mold    -   61 Molded habitat body    -   62 Scrap pieces of nonwoven mesh material    -   63 Brush attachment wires    -   64 Molded habitat structure    -   65 Nesting waterfowl    -   66 Layers/sheets of nonwoven polyester mesh material

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

The floating habitat of the present invention is designed to berenewably buoyant during its useful life, and it is also designed to beself-sustaining. The floating habitat is self-sustaining because it canwithstand temperature extremes and also because its design minimizes therisk of damage by animals. In the preferred embodiment, buoyancy ismaintained through the use of buoyant growth medium, inflatablebladders, and a self-compensating buoyancy system. Buoyancy can also beenhanced through the addition of gas-producing microorganisms. Thefloating habitat of the present invention can also be specialized toprovide waterfowl nesting habitat.

The floating habitat of the present invention is equipped withcomponents that supply pressurized air to the submerged portions of thestructure in order to increase the overall buoyancy of the structure.There are several alternative configurations for the air supply system.The first embodiment of the self-pressurized floating habitat system isshown in top view in FIG. 1. A compressed air source 1 is shown mountedon top of flotation units 2. Although the drawing depicts the use of twoflotation units 2, any number may be used, depending on the selectedsize of each flotation unit 2 and the required buoyancy and overall sizeof the floating habitat. Compressed air is produced by the compressedair source 1, pumped through the main supply hose 3 to the distributionvalve 4, and then to the individual supply hoses 5.

FIG. 2 is a section view taken at section I-I of FIG. 1, and it showsthe compressed air source 1, the flotation units 2, the main supply hose3, the distribution valve 4, and an individual supply hose 5. FIG. 3 isa partial view of FIG. 2. It depicts one flotation unit 2 that isenlarged for magnification purposes. In FIG. 3, the major componentscomprising the flotation unit 2 are the individual supply hose 5, theinflatable bladder 6, the relief valve 7, the diffusing manifold 8, thebottom mesh 9, the top mesh 10, and buoyant growth medium 11. Compressedair from an individual supply hose 5 enters the inflatable bladder 6.The inflatable bladder 6 expands, and its internal air pressureincreases until the pressure exceeds the opening pressure of the reliefvalve 7. When the relief valve 7 opens, excess air exits the inflatablebladder 6, passes through the relief valve 7, and is dispersed in theform of small air bubbles 12 through the diffusing manifold 8. A portion13 of the air bubbles 12 adheres to either the bottom mesh 9, the topmesh 10, or the buoyant growth medium 11, thereby adding buoyancy to thestructure. A portion of the bubbles 12 dissolves into the water thatfills the void space between the nodules of growth medium 11, therebyincreasing the dissolved air concentration of such water. A portion ofthe bubbles 12 is released through the openings of the bottom mesh 9 andtop mesh 10 into the water surrounding the flotation unit 2, therebyincreasing the dissolved air concentration in the water surrounding theflotation unit 2. The remainder of the bubbles 12 is released throughthe top mesh 10 into the atmosphere.

The purpose of the distribution valve 4 is to supply an equal portion ofthe compressed air to each flotation unit 2. This capability isparticularly desirable in the event that one or more inflatable bladders6 become punctured because it will allow the other bladders to continueto receive an adequate inflation supply.

The flotation units 2 may optionally be divided into multiple internalcompartments with divider panels. The purpose of providing multipleinternal compartments is to limit the loss of buoyant growth medium toone compartment in the even that the bottom mesh 9 or top mesh 10 islocally ruptured.

In FIG. 2, the flotation unit 2 is shown as a cylindrical shape. Theflotation units may be alternately constructed with different shapes,such as oval or rectangular, in order to best suit certain applicationsfor the structure. For any shape of configuration, the bottom mesh 9 andtop mesh 10 may be comprised of separate materials, or, alternately, asingle piece of material may be rolled so as to serve the function ofboth the bottom mesh 9 and top mesh 10. One purpose of the bottom mesh 9and top mesh 10 is to contain the buoyant growth medium 11 whileallowing the stems and roots of growing plants (not shown) to extendthrough the flotation unit into the surrounding water and atmosphere.One example of a suitable material for the bottom mesh 9 and top mesh 10is polypropylene netting material with ¼-inch mesh opening size. Thebottom mesh 9 and top mesh 10 may optionally be designed or modified tobe resistant or unattractive to chewing animals, for example, by addingsand to the resin during the manufacturing process.

The buoyant growth medium 11 may be comprised of either natural material(e.g., wood chips) or synthetic material (e.g., shredded closed-cellpolymer foam) that is compatible with the selected vegetation.Additional examples of natural materials that could be used for buoyantgrowth medium are: cork; balsa wood; pine wood; oak wood; and volcanicrock with naturally sealed air pockets. Additional examples of syntheticmaterials that could be used for buoyant growth medium are: perlite;polystyrene beads; polystyrene foam; vermiculite; pelite; hollow plasticballs (10 mm); solid polypropylene balls; polyethylene foam, closedcell; vinyl acetate foam, closed cell; polyurethane foam, closed cell;polyimide foam, closed cell; ionomer foam, closed cell; silicone foam,closed cell; PVC foam, closed cell; silicone sponge rubber, closed cell;neoprene sponge rubber, closed cell; natural gum sponge rubber, closedcell; and ECH sponge rubber, closed cell. The growth medium mayoptionally contain plant growth enhancers. Plant enhancers can includenutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; pH modifiers;mineral supplements; and mycorrizha or other symbiotic soil-dwellingorganisms.

The inflatable bladders 6 are constructed from a material that isairtight, durable and flexible over the expected range of environmentalconditions. Examples of potentially suitable materials include polyvinylchloride film, polyethylene film or pipe, polypropylene film, polyesterfilm (such as MYLAR), butyl rubber, neoprene rubber, nitrile rubber,EPDM rubber, and silicone rubber. The material may optionally betransparent in order to discourage chewing damage by inquisitive animalssuch as muskrats and mink. The inflatable bladders can be usedoptionally to decrease the buoyancy of the structure by filling themwith water. The water can be subsequently removed, if desired, by usingthe compressed air system.

A second embodiment of a flotation unit 2 is shown in cross section inFIG. 4. In this embodiment, an extension tube 14 is used to position thediffusing manifold 8 beneath the flotation unit 2. Excess air isreleased through the diffusing manifold 8 into the water body in whichthe structure is floating. The released air bubbles 12 rise through thewater body, where a first portion of the bubbles 12 dissolves into thewater, a second portion adheres to the roots of aquatic plants 15 thatextend through the bottom mesh 9, and the remainder of the bubbles isdispersed as described for FIG. 3. An advantage of this “extendedmanifold” embodiment is that it provides a means for increasing thedissolved air concentration in the water body, especially in thevicinity of the structure.

A third embodiment of a flotation unit 2 is shown in cross section inFIG. 5. In this embodiment, bottom cover 9 and top cover 10 are made ofimpermeable materials so that they cannot be penetrated by plants, airbubbles, or water. Air enters the flotation unit 2 through an individualsupply hose 5 and is released through a diffusing manifold 8, causingthe internal pressure of the flotation unit 2 to increase. When thepressure increases to the opening pressure of the relief valve 7, excessair is released through the relief valve 7 to the water body in the formof air bubbles 12. This embodiment may be advantageous for applicationswhere plant growth on the structure is not desired.

Three alternative embodiments of the compressed air source 1 are shownin FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and 9. The first preferred embodiment of the compressedair source 1 shown in FIG. 6 is a wind-powered compressor 16. A secondpreferred embodiment of the compressed air source 1 is thephotoelectric-compressor system 17 shown in schematic form in FIG. 7.Referring to FIG. 7, sunlight is converted to electrical current via aphotoelectric cell 18. The electrical current is used to charge abattery 19, which is initially disconnected from the air pump 20. Whenthe battery obtains a sufficient charge, as measured by the controller21, the battery 19 is electrically connected to the air pump 20 by thecontroller 21, and the air pump 20 then supplies compressed air to thestructure though a main supply hose 3 as described previously. When theelectrical charge of the battery 19 falls below a preset level, asmeasured by the controller 21, the battery 19 is disconnected from theair pump 20 until the battery 19 has sufficiently recharged, at whichtime the pump cycle is repeated.

A third alternative embodiment of the compressed air source is shown inFIGS. 8 and 9. FIG. 8 is a plan view of the present invention with awave-powered air pump 22. Also shown are two flotation units 2. FIG. 9is a cross section view taken at section II-II of FIG. 8. A wave-poweredair pump 22 is powered by waves 23 on the surface of the water body thatare produced by wind or other action. The wave-powered air pump 22 iscomprised of an elastic air chamber 24, an outlet tube 25, an outletcheck valve 26, an inlet tube 27, and an inlet check valve 28. Waves 23on the water surface cause the elastic air chamber 24 to alternatelycontract and expand, as shown by the dashed lines in FIG. 9. When thecrest of a wave 23 pushes against the elastic air chamber 24, theelastic air chamber 24 contracts, and air is forced out of the elasticair chamber 24 through the outlet tube 25 and the outlet check valve 26into the inflatable bladder 6. When the trough of a wave 23 contacts theelastic air chamber 24, the air chamber 24 expands, and air is suckedinto the elastic air chamber 24 through the inlet tube 27 and the inletcheck valve 28. The contraction-expansion cycle is repeated for each newwave 23, thereby forcing a pulse of air into the inflatable bladder 6 ateach wave cycle. The purpose of the inlet check valve 28 and outletcheck valve 26 is to permit air to flow through the wave-powered airpump 22 only in the direction shown by the arrows.

By sparging air bubbles under, around and through the floating habitatas described above, ice damage to the present invention is minimized.The presence of air bubbles under and around the floating habitat leadsto thinner ice build-up around the habitat, and accordinglyproportionately less ice damage to the present invention. In addition,plant growth is enhanced because the open water season around thefloating habitat is extended by virtue of the reduction in ice mass.

The floating habitat structure can optionally be fitted with aself-compensating inflation device, or buoyancy system, that maintainsthe structure at a constant flotation level regardless of changes in theweight of objects placed on the structure. One embodiment of theself-compensating buoyancy system is shown in FIGS. 10, 11, and 12. InFIGS. 10, 11 and 12, the flotation units 2 are shown as beingapproximately oval in cross section, which is an alternative shapeoption for the flotation unit 2. Also in this configuration, separatepieces of material are used for the bottom mesh 9 and the top mesh 10,as shown in FIG. 10. The structure shown is comprised of a singleflotation unit 2.

In FIG. 10, the structure has just been installed in a water body. Awind-powered compressor 16 is supplying compressed air through anindividual supply hose 5 to an inflatable bladder 6. Air exits theinflatable bladder 6 via an exhaust tube 29, through the float valve 30,and is vented to the atmosphere around the ball float 31. Because theball float 31 is in the lower, or non-floating, position, it does notseal against the sealing face 32 of the float valve 30, and air passesaround the ball float 31 with no restriction in the exhaust end of theair pathway. Because excess air is vented to the atmosphere with norestriction in the exhaust end of the air pathway, there is no pressurebuildup in the inflatable bladder 6, and, therefore, the bladder 6 is inan unexpanded condition.

In FIG. 11, the structure is shown after additional weight has beenplaced on it. In this example, the additional weight is shown as agrowing aquatic plant 15. The weight of the plant 15 causes thestructure to sink deeper into the water until the ball float 31 of thefloat valve 30 presses against the sealing face 32 of the float valve30. When the ball float 31 seals against the sealing face 32, exhaustair is prevented from escaping into the atmosphere, and pressure risesin the inflatable bladder 6 as additional air enters through theindividual supply hose 5. The increase in air pressure causes theinflatable bladder 6 to expand, as shown in FIG. 11. The expansion ofthe inflatable bladder 6 exerts a positive buoyant force on thestructure.

In FIG. 12, the expansion of the inflatable bladder 6 has caused thestructure to begin to rise in the water body. When the structure risesso that the ball float 31 is at the waterline, the air seal between theball float 31 and the sealing face 32 is lost, and air begins to exitthe inflatable bladder 6, which causes the inflatable bladder tocontract and provide less buoyant force to the structure. An equilibriumlevel is established, as shown in FIG. 12, wherein the ball float 31 islightly in contact with the sealing face 32, which causes the structureto achieve a steady-state level of flotation.

There are several alternative embodiments to the float valve systemshown in FIGS. 10 through 12. For structures comprising a battery, suchas the one shown in FIG. 7, a solid state pressure sensor can be mountedon the lower side of the structure. The sensor can be configured so asto read the differential pressure between the submerged depth andatmospheric pressure. When the structure settles deeper into the water,the measured differential pressure will increase. The sensor circuit canbe designed to give an “on” signal, for example, when the differentialpressure exceeds a preset limit. The circuit can be configured so as toclose the exhaust valve when the structure settles too deeply into thewater, thereby causing the structure to inflate and rise. Conversely,when the structure floats too high in the water, the circuit can causethe exhaust valve to open, which will cause the structure to deflate andundergo a decrease in buoyancy. This embodiment is referred to as the“submersible, differential pressure gauge system.”

Another option for structures comprising a battery, such as that shownin FIG. 7, is a conductivity sensor that can be installed near thedesired water level of the structure. If the structure settles toodeeply into the water, the conductivity sensor will become submerged andgive an “on” signal. This signal can be used to control the operation ofthe exhaust valve, as described above. This embodiment is referred to asthe “conductivity switch.”

For either electric or non-electric embodiments of the stricture, thediffusing manifold 8 shown in FIG. 4 can be replaced by a restrictionnozzle with a discharge point set near the desired waterline of thestructure. The dimensions of the nozzle can be configured so that thereis insignificant pressure drop through the nozzle when discharging tothe atmosphere, but significant pressure drop when bubbling out into thewater body. The operation of this embodiment would be similar to thatdescribed for the float valve system, except that there would be nomechanical seals required. This embodiment is referred to as the“exhaust nozzle.”

As a buoyancy enhancement, gas-producing microorganisms can be added tothe floating habitat. The floating habitat can be inoculated with thesemicroorganisms by taking a sample of bacteria-rich soil and introducingit into the growth media. The soil is necessary to achieve inoculationbut is not necessary to sustain the bacteria, which can be fed with ahigh-carbon substrate food source, such as molasses or sugar beetextract. The bacteria will survive the seasonal temperature fluctuationsand will produce gases that are trapped in the floating habitat for sometime until they escape through the surrounding mesh.

The floating habitat of the present invention can be specialized toprovide a nesting structure for wild ducks and other waterfowl.Waterfowl nesting structures are beneficial for sustaining andincreasing the production of wild waterfowl where natural nesting siteshave been reduced by agriculture, drought, predation, or other causes.

FIG. 13 is a top view of a floating habitat structure that has beenspecialized for waterfowl nesting. FIG. 14 is a cross section view takenat section III-III of FIG. 13. The specialized waterfowl nestingstructure shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 incorporates the flotation units 2,optional compressed air source 1, and additional components describedbelow.

The nesting unit 33 is configured to be attractive to the particularspecies of waterfowl that is being encouraged to nest. One or morenesting units can be provided on any one floating habitat structure,either for the same or different species. In one preferred embodiment,commercially available HEN HOUSES may be installed on the structures toencourage nesting of, for example, mallard ducks. HEN HOUSES arewire-reinforced straw-filled tubes favored by mallard ducks. Anotherexample of a nesting habitat is a gravel pad favored by plovers.Synthetic or natural grass plots are other examples of nesting habitatfavored by other species of waterfowl. Where desired, the nest can beprotected from swimming predators by raising the nesting unit 33 and/orinstalling a predator exclusion disk (not shown) or other predatorcontrol device.

Optional live vegetation 15 is selected based on the geographicallocation of the structure and the nesting preference of the species ofwaterfowl that is being encouraged to nest on the structure. Forexample, to attract mallards in northern states, bulrushes and cattailsmay be the preferred vegetation. At some locations, it may be preferableto omit live vegetation in order to prevent the structure from becomingrooted to the bottom of a shallow or dried-up pond. At other locations,it may be desirable to select the bottom mesh 9 so that plants can growin the flotation units 2 but their roots cannot penetrate the lower sideof the flotation unit 2.

In this embodiment, a compressed air source 1 is located on thestructure so as to balance the structure properly, depending on the typeof nesting unit 33 that is installed. The construction material andscreen size of the top mesh 10 are selected to be attractive to thenesting waterfowl, to be safe for juvenile waterfowl, to provide asubstrate for new vegetation growth, and to allow penetration ofvegetation stems (when live vegetation is optionally planted within theflotation unit 2). An example of a potentially suitable material for thetop mesh 10 is polymer-reinforced jute geotextile matting.

Optionally, two or more of the structures may be joined together so asto provide relatively sheltered water pockets between the individualstructures. These sheltered pockets may provide a relatively safehabitat for juvenile waterfowl, and the increased area provided bymultiple connected structures may encourage colony nesting of somedesirable species or alternatively allow for a variety of waterfowl orshore bird species to enjoy suitable habitat on the same floatinghabitat system.

There are numerous advantages to the waterfowl habitat design of thepresent invention. First, the nesting structures can be located inrelatively deep water far from shoreline, making them inaccessible topredators such as skunks and red fox. In addition, the structures mayprovide more nesting sites than could be provided by traditionalpost-mounted nesting stations, which require relatively shallow waterlocations. Second, the nest box portions of the structures can beadapted to match the nesting preference of a particular species ofwaterfowl. Third, the live vegetation on the structures can be selectedto match the nesting preference of a particular species of waterfowl.Fourth, the structures are buoyant and will provide effective nestinghabitat during periods of fluctuations of water level. Fifth, thefloating habitat can optionally be equipped with a self-compensatingbuoyancy controller that allows the structure to automatically adapt tovariations in weight. Lastly, the floating habitat structures are lessexpensive than the cost of installing a normal island in a pond and canbe moved to new locations as desired.

Another embodiment of the present invention, not illustrated, is aclosed bag system in which buoyant growth medium (or buoyant medium ifplant growth is not an issue) is contained in a water-permeable orwater-impermeable bag, and a waterfowl nesting structure is added to thefloating habitat. The closed bag embodiments can include, optionally,any of the buoyancy mechanisms described above. If a water-impermeablebag were used, then the floating habitat could also include artificialturf or plants to achieve a visual effect similar to a floating habitatwith naturally growing vegetation.

FIGS. 15 and 16 depict an embodiment of the present invention thatincludes additional predator-resistant features. The mammalianpredator-resistant features of FIGS. 15 and 16 can optionally beaccompanied by a predator call. In addition, a hen nesting decoy couldbe placed on the habitat as a means by which to attract the egg-robbingor duck-preying predators to the habitat.

Referring to FIG. 15, the mammalian predator-resistant features of thisembodiment of the floating habitat are comprised of a solar-poweredelectric shocking system 34, attraction/shocking pipes 35, differentialshocking electrodes 36, and sharp spikes 37. The spikes 37 can bebuoyant or non-buoyant, depending upon the requirements of a particularsituation, but they have to be rigid and sharp in order to perform theirintended function. For example, the spikes could be made of plastic,metal, glass, or porcupine quills. The spikes could be made of thestainless steel “porcupine wire” sold by Nixalite of America Inc. or thestainless steel and polycarbonate BIRD-FLITE SPIKE manufactured by BirdBarrier America, Inc. The purpose of the predator-resistant features ofthe present invention is to provide aversion training to swimmingmammalian predators, especially mink, which may be attracted to thefloating habitat.

The mammalian predator-resistant features come into play when a mink (orsimilar predator) swims to the habitat and attempts to climb upon it.Due to the presence of sharp spikes 37 around the circumference of thehabitat, and the fact that mink are naturally disposed to enter holesand tunnels, the animal is encouraged to enter an attraction/shockingpipe 35. As the animal travels through the pipe, it will eventually comeinto contact with differential shocking electrodes 36, which willprovide a painful yet non-lethal electric shock to the animal. Overtime, as the animal is exposed to repeated shocks, it will learn toavoid the floating habitat. The system can be modified as required toshock larger animals such as raccoons.

Referring to FIG. 16, the solar-powered electric shocking system 34 iscomprised of a photoelectric cell 38, a storage battery 39, and ahigh-voltage converter and shock control unit 40. External componentsinclude the differential shocking electrodes 36, the attraction/shockingpipe 35, an optional bird perch 41, and optional bird-shockingelectrodes 42. The optional bird-deterrent system works by providing apainful but non-lethal electric shock to the bird via differentialbird-shocking electrodes 42 that are mounted on the perch 41. The shockcontrol unit 40 may be comprised of a commercially available devicedesigned to contain dogs or domestic fowl.

FIG. 17 is a partial section view of an alternate embodiment of thepresent invention that is comprised of shocking electrodes 36, sharpspikes 37, an upwardly sloping edge 43, and one or more duckling jumplocations 44. The features of this embodiment are designed to deterswimming predators, especially mink, from boarding the habitat.Differential shocking electrodes 36 may be separate components, as shownin FIG. 17, or they may be incorporated into the sharp spikes 37 whenthe spikes are made from an electrically conductive material. In thisembodiment, the electrodes are situated above the waterline and the wavecrest line so as to prevent electrical current from occurring in thewater.

The upwardly sloping edge of the habitat 43 is designed to preventswimming predators from obtaining a foothold on the habitat edge, exceptby grasping the shocking electrodes 36. The combination of thesefeatures will repel predators on their first attempt to board thehabitat and will deter them from making additional attempts.

The duckling jump location 44 is designed to provide the newly hatchedducklings with a means of jumping off the habitat without contacting theshocking electrodes 36 or the sharp spikes 37. The ducklings will notneed to return to the habitat, as ducklings typically do not return totheir nest site after their initial departure.

FIG. 18 shows another embodiment of a floating habitat that has beenoptimized for use as a predator-resistant habitat for nesting waterfowl.The structure is comprised of a bottom 45, sides 46, top 47, andartificial plants 48. The bottom 45, sides 46, and top 46 areconstructed of a lightweight and durable material such as high-densitypolyethylene sheets. The bottom 45 is particularly constructed so as toresist penetration by plant roots. The sides 46 are particularlyconstructed so as to resist climbing by swimming animals such as minkand raccoons. The sides 46 may be sloped outward as shown to makeclimbing more difficult. The top 47 is designed to be durable underyear-round outdoor conditions and may optionally include a lip 49 aroundthe perimeter to further resist boarding by swimming animals. Theartificial plants 48 are constructed of thermoplastic or other suitablematerial designed to be durable under year-round outdoor conditions. Inaddition, the artificial plants 48 are constructed so as to beattractive to nesting waterfowl. Flotation for the structure is providedby the interior filling 50, which may be any suitable lightweightmaterial, such as closed-cell foam or air. The floating height of thestructure above the waterline is designed to be adequate so as toprevent swimming animals from jumping aboard.

In a preferred embodiment, the sides 46 of the structure are constructedof three flat sheets of material, resulting in a triangular habitatshape. In another embodiment, the sides are constructed of one or morecurved sheets of material, resulting in a round or oval habitat shape.The structure can be made more natural in appearance by addingartificial boulders and logs, natural or artificial gravel, or naturalstraw to the top surface. When straw or other natural materials areused, they may be replenished seasonally, or as necessary.

In an alternative embodiment, the top 47 and interior 50 of the floatinghabitat are constructed so as to support the growth of natural plants,while the bottom 45 and sides 46 are constructed of materials thatprevent penetration by growing plants. In this embodiment, the top 47may be comprised of nonwoven mesh or geotextile material, while thebottom 45 is comprised of a material that is water-permeable but thatresists penetration by plant roots. Examples of suitable bottommaterials are woven and nonwoven landscaping fabrics, which are designedto resist plant penetration while allowing water to pass through. Thesides 46 are constructed of the same materials as described in theprevious embodiment.

In yet another alternative embodiment, the top 47, bottom 45 andinterior 50 are designed to support the growth of natural plants, butthe sides 46 are constructed of materials that prevent penetration byplants, thereby retaining the predator-resistance of the structure.

Several of the key materials that are used to manufacture the floatinghabitats may be available at very low cost in the form of scrap. Thesematerials include polyester mesh, closed cell foam, and rigid plasticsheeting. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 utilize scrapmaterials to fabricate inexpensive, effective waterfowl nestinghabitats.

FIG. 19 is a schematic drawing of a floating habitat that utilizes scrapcomponents and has predator-resistant sides and a camouflaged top. Thisfloating habitat is comprised of pieces of scrap polyester mesh 51 andoptional scrap closed cell foam pieces 52, which are bound together byexpandable foam 53. The expandable foam 53 is applied as a liquid. Itpenetrates into the pieces of polyester mesh 51 and also penetratesbetween the pieces of polyester mesh 51 and closed cell foam 52. Whencured, the expandable foam 53 serves as an adhesive to hold the piecestogether, and it also provides buoyancy to the structure.

The sides 54 are comprised of smooth, rigid plastic sheeting such ashigh-density polyethylene. The purpose of the sides 54 is to preventswimming animals such as mink and raccoons from reaching the nestingarea 55 located on the top of the structure. The nesting area 55 issurrounded by and hidden between pieces of scrap polyester mesh 51.Optional brushy camouflage material 56 may be attached to the top of thehabitat to further aid in hiding the nesting area 55 from avianpredators. The camouflage material 56 may be comprised of natural brush,artificial plants, or other suitable materials. Spikes or staples (notshown) may be used to attach the camouflage material 56 to the scrappieces of mesh 51 within the habitat body.

The nesting area 55 may be shaped to be attractive to a particularspecies of nesting waterfowl; for example, it may be made in atube-shaped form (as shown) to attract mallard ducks. Alternatively, itmay be bowl-shaped or flat, in order to attract other species ofwaterfowl. Although only one nesting area 55 is shown in FIG. 19, theisland may include more than one nesting area.

In a first alternative embodiment, the habitat is designed to allowplants to grow on the top surface of the habitat, and the plant rootsare allowed to grow into the interior of the habitat body. The roots areprevented from protruding through the sides and bottom of the structureby predator-resistant sides 54 and bottom covering 57. The bottomcovering 57 is comprised of a material that is permeable to water butdoes not allow penetration by roots. An example of a suitable materialfor the bottom covering 57 is plastic weed-prevention matting used forlandscaping. This embodiment may be desirable at locations where thepond water level fluctuates enough so that the habitat may occasionallyrest on the pond bottom, and any exposed roots might tend to attach thestructure to the pond bottom.

In a second alternative embodiment, the bottom covering 57 is comprisedof a material that allows plant roots to penetrate, such as nylonnetting. This embodiment may be desirable for use in deep-water ponds,where the habitat is not likely to become attached to the pond bottom,and where the exposed plant roots would be beneficial as a food sourcefor fish and waterfowl.

In a third alternative embodiment, plants are prevented from growinganywhere on or within the habitat by installing a bottom cover 57 thatdoes not permit penetration by roots, and also installing a top cover(not shown) that does not allow penetration by plant stems. Thisembodiment may be desirable for use at locations where living plantswould require excessive maintenance or otherwise create problems.

The structure shown in FIG. 20 is designed to resemble a natural marshobject such as a muskrat lodge. It is comprised of scrap pieces ofpolyester mesh 51, optional scrap pieces of closed cell foam 52, andexpandable foam 53. It also comprises a nesting area 55 and/or a nestingcavity 58, which are protected by a camouflage material 56. The top ofthe structure may optionally include a layer of jute or similar material(not shown), which may improve the natural appearance of the structureand promote plant growth.

In a first alternative embodiment, the outer covering 59 is comprised ofa durable, water-permeable material, such as woven nylon. In a secondalternative embodiment, the outer covering 59 is formed by melting andfusing the outer fibers of the pieces of polyester mesh 51 and closedcell foam 52.

The embodiments shown in FIG. 20 may be preferable to the morepredator-resistant embodiment shown in FIG. 19 at locations where visualaesthetics and/or cost are important and swimming predators are not amajor problem.

FIGS. 21-24 illustrate another embodiment of a floating habitat that isoptimized for waterfowl nesting and low-cost construction. As shown inFIG. 21, the habitat body (not shown) is formed upside down in a mold60. The mold 60 is generally saucer-shaped, with natural freeformcontours and a nesting area 55 incorporated into the shape.

As shown in FIG. 22, the molded habitat body 61 is formed by layingscrap pieces of nonwoven mesh material 62 into the mold 60. The meshmaterial 62 may optionally be comprised of scrap pieces from othermanufacturing processes. Expandable foam 53 is sprayed into and betweenthe pieces of mesh 62, forming a buoyant, rigid structure.

FIG. 23 shows the molded habitat body 61 after it has been removed fromthe mold (not shown) and placed in an upright position. An optionalouter covering 59 made from burlap or similar material (or, alternately,a natural-looking synthetic material) may be attached to the habitatbody 61 with a suitable adhesive. Brush attachment wires 63 are insertedinto the habitat body 61.

FIG. 24 shows the molded habitat structure 64 in use by a nestingwaterfowl 65. Pieces of natural brush 66 are attached to the surface ofthe habitat structure 64 by means of the brush attachment wires 63. Thebrush 66 provides protective camouflage cover to nesting waterfowl 65and also renders the structure more natural-looking for aestheticpurposes.

By selecting the type of outer covering 59 and the amount of expandablefoam 53, the habitat can be optionally made so as to either promote orprevent the establishment of aquatic plants. In general, most fabricsmade from natural materials, or from coarsely woven synthetic materials,are penetrable by plant roots and stems. Materials made from finelywoven synthetics (such as weed-proof landscaping fabric) are notpenetrable by plants and, therefore, inhibit establishment of plants onthe habitat structures. Plant roots and stems are easily able topenetrate the pieces of nonwoven mesh, but they are not able to easilypenetrate pieces of closed cell foam or expandable foam; therefore,increasing the percentage of closed cell foam or expandable foam willhave the effect of retarding plant growth within the habitat structure.

FIG. 25 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention.This embodiment is a floating habitat comprised of one or more layers orsheets of nonwoven polyester mesh material 66, expanding foam sealant53, and brushy camouflage material 56. A nesting cavity 58 is shown asan arch in the top layer of nonwoven polyester mesh material 66;alternately, the nesting cavity 58 could be made as a separate unit (notshown) and attached to the top of the floating habitat. Multiple nestingunits could be installed on the floating habitat if desired. Brushycamouflage material 56 is attached to the nonwoven polyester meshmaterial 66 by attachment wires 63 or any similar conventional means ofattachment. Expanding foam sealant 53 provides buoyancy to the structureand also bonds the layers of nonwoven polyester mesh material together.

An optional feature for any of the embodiments described above is ananchor tether with swivel capability that provides flexibility so as notto impair the optimal buoyancy of the floating habitat.

Although several embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that manychanges and modifications may be made without departing from theinvention in its broader aspects. The appended claims are thereforeintended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within thetrue spirit and scope of the invention.

REFERENCES

-   Mark W. Clark, “Biophysical Characterization of Floating Wetlands    (Flotant) and Vegetative Succession of a Warm-Temperate Aquatic    Ecosystem,” Univ. of Florida Graduate School Dissertation (2000).-   Edward H. Hogg and Ross W. Wein, “Typha Mat Buoyancy,” Ecology, Vol.    69, No. 4 (Aug. 1988).

DEFINITIONS

The term “ECH” means epichlorohydrin.

The term “EDPM” means ethylene-propylene-diene-methylene.

The term “PVC” means polyvinyl chloride.

The term “waterfowl” means a bird that frequents water and is notintended to be limited to swimming game birds.

1. A floating habitat comprising one or more three-dimensional layers ofnonwoven polyester mesh material and one or more waterfowl nestingcavities; wherein the floating habitat is situated on top of a waterbody; wherein the waterfowl nesting cavities are formed into thetop-most layer of nonwoven polyester mesh; wherein the waterfowl nestingcavities are open to the atmosphere; wherein the waterfowl nestingcavities are not open to the water beneath the floating habitat; andwherein the waterfowl nesting cavities are not filled with soil or plantroots.
 2. A floating habitat comprising one or more three-dimensionallayers of nonwoven polyester mesh material and one or more waterfowlnesting cavities; wherein the floating habitat is situated on top of awater body; wherein the waterfowl nesting cavities are comprised ofnonwoven polyester mesh material and are installed onto the top-mostlayer of nonwoven polyester mesh; wherein the waterfowl nesting cavitiesare open to the atmosphere; wherein the waterfowl nesting cavities arenot open to the water beneath the floating habitat; and wherein thewaterfowl nesting cavities are not filled with soil or plant roots.